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| 1851 |
| | | An American clergyman, L.L. Langstroth, discovers the 'bee space', which becomes a standard feature of the modern beehive | |
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| 1851 |
| | | German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz invents the ophthalmoscope, making it possible for a doctor to examine the inside of a patient's eye | |
|  | Principle of Helmholtz's ophthalmoscope
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1851 |
| | | French physicist Léon Foucault demonstrates the rotation of the earth by means of a long pendulum suspended in the Pantheon in Paris | |
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| 1852 |
| | | Scottish physicist William Thomson formulates the second law of thermodynamics, concerning the transfer of heat within a closed system | |
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| 1853 |
| | | Hormuzd Rassam discovers the magnficent lion-hunt reliefs in the palace of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh | |
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| 1853 |
| | | The hypodermic syringe with a plunger is simultaneously developed in France and in Scotland | |
|  | Alexander Wood's hypodermic syringe
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1854 |
| | | Austrian monk Gregor Mendel begins his study of pea plants in the garden of the Abbey of St Thomas in Brno | |
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| 1854 |
| | | William Baikie, on an expedition up the Niger, protects his men from malaria by administering quinine | |
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| 1854 |
| | | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1854 |
| | | Florence Nightingale, responding to reports of horrors in the Crimea, sets sail with a party of twenty-eight nurses | |
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